About two dozen proposals were developed and submitted for evaluation during the step 1 portion of the Scout selection process. Scouts are similar to Discovery-class missions except that the target object must be Mars. Phoenix is the first Mars Scout mission: a Principal Investigator (PI) led mission selected through a two-stage proposal process. A conclusion that unfrozen water has modified the soil naturally leads to speculation as to the biological potential of the soil, another scientific objective of the mission. By verifying that massive water ice is found near the surface and determining the history of the icy soil by studying the mineralogical, chemical, and microscopic properties of the soil grains, Phoenix will address questions concerning the effects of climate change in the northern plains. Satisfying the mission's goals requires digging and providing samples of interesting layers to three on-deck instruments. Data are returned at the end of the Martian day by the same path. Commands are transmitted each Martian morning through the Deep Space Network by way of a Mars orbiter to the spacecraft. Throughout the 90-sol primary mission, activities are planned on a tactical basis by the science team their requests are passed to an uplink team of sequencing engineers for translation to spacecraft commands. After a safe landing, twin fan-like solar panels are unfurled and provide the energy needed for the mission. Phoenix will land on during a complex entry, descent, and landing sequence using pulsed thrusters as the final braking strategy. The choice of a landing site in the vicinity of 68°N and 233☎ balances scientific value and landing safety. The science objectives, the instrument suite, and the measurements needed to meet the objectives are briefly described here with reference made to more complete instrument papers included in this special section. The science mission focuses on providing the ground truth for the 2002 Odyssey discovery of massive ice deposits hidden under surface soils in the circumpolar regions. Smith), and Lockheed Martin in Denver instrument and scientific contributions from Canada and Europe have augmented the mission. To manage, build, and test the spacecraft and its instruments, a partnership has been forged between the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the University of Arizona (home institution of principal investigator P. The heritage derived from the canceled 2001 lander with a science payload inherited from MPL and 2001 instruments gives significant advantages. On 4 August 2007, Phoenix was launched to Mars from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a Delta 2 launch vehicle. Phoenix, the first Mars Scout mission, capitalizes on the large NASA investments in the Mars Polar Lander and the Mars Surveyor 2001 missions.
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